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What Is Real?: The Unfinished Quest for the Meaning of Quantum Physics Hardcover – March 20, 2018

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Every physicist agrees quantum mechanics is among humanity's finest scientific achievements. But ask what it means, and the result will be a brawl. For a century, most physicists have followed Niels Bohr's Copenhagen interpretation and dismissed questions about the reality underlying quantum physics as meaningless. A mishmash of solipsism and poor reasoning, Copenhagen endured, as Bohr's students vigorously protected his legacy, and the physics community favored practical experiments over philosophical arguments. As a result, questioning the status quo long meant professional ruin. And yet, from the 1920s to today, physicists like John Bell, David Bohm, and Hugh Everett persisted in seeking the true meaning of quantum mechanics. What Is Real? is the gripping story of this battle of ideas and the courageous scientists who dared to stand up for truth.
- Print length384 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherBasic Books
- Publication dateMarch 20, 2018
- Dimensions6.45 x 1.6 x 9.55 inches
- ISBN-109780465096053
- ISBN-13978-0465096053
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Editorial Reviews
Review
"A thorough, illuminating exploration of the most consequential controversy raging in modern science...[Becker] leads us through an impressive account of the rise of competing interpretations, grounding them in the human stories, which are naturally messy and full of contingencies. He makes a convincing case that it's wrong to imagine the Copenhagen interpretation as a single official or even coherent statement."―New York Times Book Review
"Becker's book is one of the first attempts we have at telling this story in a way that acknowledges how it actually turned out--acknowledges, that is, who won these debates about the Copenhagen interpretation, who lost them, who pretended otherwise, and how they got away with it.... He has clearly done extensive and meticulous historical research."―David Z. Albert, NewYork Review of Books
"Splendid.... With deeply detailed research, accompanied by charming anecdotes about the scientists...[Becker] hopes to convince us that the Cophenhagen interpretation has had too great an influence on physics for historically contingent reasons."―Washington Post
"Becker...make[s] a case for the importance of philosophy. That's a key call, with influential scientists such as Neil deGrasse Tyson dismissing the discipline as a waste of time. What Is Real? is an argument for keeping an open mind."―Nature
"A riveting storyteller, Becker brings to life physicists who have too long remained in the shadow of Bohr and Einstein.... What Is Real? offers an engaging and accessible overview of the debates surrounding the interpretation of quantum mechanics."―Science
"Impressive...[Becker's] strength is the excavation of stories that show how deeply quantum physics was in thrall to the personalities of its developers. The cast is colourful and expansive, and provides engaging drama...The subtext running through this hugely enjoyable book is that, if we still have a long way to go before we understand reality, we may only have our own prejudices to blame."―New Scientist
"A joy to read...For anyone who has been intrigued by other popular accounts of the quantum world but came away feeling somewhat cheated by the Copenhagen sleight-of-hand."―Physics World
"Remarkable...What Is Real? is a superb contribution both to popular understanding of quantum theory and to ongoing debates among experts...It deserves wide attention and careful study."―Physics Today
"Spellbinding....This very book could prove to be a watershed moment for the physics community if it faces up to its own past and its present....If you have any interest in the implications of quantum theory, or in the suppression of scientific curiosity, What is Real? is required reading. There is no more reliable, careful, and readable account of the whole history of quantum theory in all its scandalous detail."―Boston Review
"Becker has done a great service in putting this fascinating story together into a single easily-digestible volume that is gripping, authoritative, and true....I sincerely hope it gains an extremely wide readership and manages to have a powerful influence."―Quantum Times
"A page turner...Becker writes very well...To any one with more than a passing interest in QM, how it came to be the way it is, and how it might be otherwise, this book will be irresistible."―MAA Reviews
"What Is Real? cuts through the confusion, providing a vivid account of this often arcane field, its history, and its numerous controversies."―Gizmodo
"[Becker] unveils a story of the competing schools of thought within the weirdest parts of weird physics."―Popular Mechanics
"Becker...takes readers on a deep dive into the battle for the heart of quantum physics."―Unbound Worlds
"Admirably explains the intricacies of quantum physics...[Becker] brings to the foreground the hegemonic nature of a dominant scientific theory in crushing dissent."―Scroll India
"Tremendously appealing...[Becker] smoothly, easily dramatizes the great debates and the outsized personalities of quantum physics and fits it all into an enthusiastic, readable narrative."―Open Letters Monthly
"[A] fresh debut.... Vivid biographical portraits enliven even dense theoretical explanations with wit and bite.... With his crisp voice, Becker lucidly relates the complicated history of quantum foundations."―Publishers Weekly (starred review)
"[Becker's] research is as detailed and meticulous...The narrative is enlivened by the personalities of key scientists and physicists....A fascinating revision of pivotal decisions around quantum physics discoveries."―Library Journal
"A useful introduction to the history of quantum theory for scientifically inclined readers."―Kirkus Reviews
"Quantum mechanics is an extraordinarily successful theory, but for decades physicists have been in stubborn denial about what the theory actually says about the nature of reality. Adam Becker's wonderful book recounts the colorful history of the reality debates, and makes the case that Einstein was right all along."―Sean Carroll, author of The BigPicture
"In this immensely well-researched book, Adam Becker explores the little-known history of principled critiques of the quantum physics establishment, tracing a fascinating skein from the Einstein-Bohr debates all the way to the proliferation of alternatives in the 1970s and beyond. Thorough in its detailed treatment of the key players and their contributions, What Is Real? offers an essential guide to the great quantum controversies that are still raging strong."―Paul Halpern, author of TheQuantum Labyrinth
"Quantum mechanics is astoundingly successful, but its proper meaning and interpretation remains an open question that vexes physicists to this day. Adam Becker brings this topic to life by explaining the science, and the ongoing human struggle to make sense of the quantum world. His book reads like a novel."―Art Friedman, co-author of Quantum Mechanics and Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory
About the Author
Product details
- ASIN : 0465096050
- Publisher : Basic Books; 1st edition (March 20, 2018)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 384 pages
- ISBN-10 : 9780465096053
- ISBN-13 : 978-0465096053
- Item Weight : 1.33 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.45 x 1.6 x 9.55 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #393,330 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #169 in Relativity Physics (Books)
- #375 in Quantum Theory (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

Adam Becker is a science writer with a PhD in astrophysics from the University of Michigan and a BA in philosophy and physics from Cornell. He has written for the New York Times, the BBC, NPR, Scientific American, New Scientist, Quanta, Undark, Aeon, and others. He has also recorded a video series with the BBC, and has appeared on numerous radio shows and podcasts, including Ologies, The Story Collider, and KQED Forum. He lives in California.
Follow Adam on Twitter and Instagram at @FreelanceAstro.
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Part I: This was a good start concerning the Copenhagen Interpretation and its founders. Also early dissidents like Einstein and Schrödinger. I think this book is very lay friendly and easy to follow along concerning the theory and early issues with it. You also find that there really was no singular Copenhagen Interpretation despite Heisenberg giving them a singular label. Also you start to see how politics and social issues really helped launch Copenhagen. I learned how charismatic Bohr was yet how his very own students said he had issues with comprehension but also how vague he was and how people like Heisenberg despite not being a Nazi supported Nazi Germany (indeed Pascual himself was a Nazi), you see how bad Heisenberg was with experimental physics despite his somewhat confidence in German physics above others. Einstein by contrast to these men took on no students as Bohr, as he wasn't as charismatic and though spoke well, sometimes he was misunderstood such as in the case with Bohr or the when others wrote on his behalf but not in as clear a way as he would have, he also wrote longer statements than say Bell and he helped the U.S. in the Nuclear Race.
Part II: This is where the major dissidents who made rival theories to Copenhagen appear but also others like Bell who advanced the conversation and gave scathing critics. These include mainly David Bohm and Hugh Everett. You find just how exiled Bohm was mainly for his communist affiliation but also for going against the status quo in the Copenhagen Interpretation. Also how Everett was with his prankster style yet sort of nonchalant attitude (interestingly you learn that Wheeler would try to help him get it out there and that Everett never cared to be an Academic but was content as a Cold War technocrat). Bohm would later abandon Communism but also his own Interpretation due to these many factors.
Part III: Here is where the story continues and the next generations picked up where the former one's left off. You get to see how Bohm picked up his own Theory and revived it again thanks to Basil Hiley and some students. And others who advanced the Many-Worlds Interpretation of Everett as well. Moreover many others who advanced Bell's inequalities via experiment. This chapter was very helpful as many of these figures are hardly as known to a more lay audience such as Dieter Zeh and John Clauser and others. Very informative. Also GRW Theory makes an appearance along with David Albert.
You see throughout this book how changes due to Social and Political issues affected many of these men, some not even having a job despite their importance in these Foundational Issues and how many did not give them a chance but in the end they made an impact unto today.
I also found Adam Becker's comments on Philosophy to be extremely needed and he rightly went against the notion that Philosophy is dead or of lesser importance but it is precisely these historical and social issues that pushed this wrong idea of Philosophy it seems into Academia to the chagrin of people like Einstein who held it in high esteem. This was a pleasant suprise to me. The issues concerning the "Shut up and Calculate!" approach he also addresses as problematic which I was very pleased with as well.
The last part an Appendix was concerning how these different Theories (including GRW) solve the Delayed-Choice experiment which is a very much discussed topic at least to a more lay audience and was very glad to see it included.
The only 2 minor problems I had with the book is that a lot of the stuff on Nazi Germany seemed to not be important concerning the history of these realist dissident interpreations. However it was still very fascinating and had very import things in it still, like how this War affected the Physics community and to learn more concerning the personal lives of these men who are often adored. The last issue was the footnotes. Since the book itself doesn't give you an inserted number reference in the text as you are reading it makes it hard to know if you need to check for one. I practically even forgot about them throughout the book however he does give a ton of references to practically everything in there which is extremely helpful.
Despite these small gripes, this is a book certainly needed. If you don't have it, make sure to add it to your collection, it is a must have.
In this book, Becker does a superb job of describing the history of science's attempts to understand the measurement problem and the work of the brave scientists who dared to question the status quo and point out the weaknesses of the Copenhagen interpretation and propose other possibilities. I especially liked Becker's treatment of Bell's Theorem, where he brilliantly makes the complex mathematics of the theorem accessible to anyone with a solid high school level math and science background. However, I have to deduct one-tenth of a star because Becker inserts just a little too much of his own editorial slant advocating for the many worlds interpretation of quantum physics. Becker clearly clings to the nostalgia of the "real world out there" and, in my opinion, doesn't give competing theories all of the credit they might deserve.
Despite my one-tenth star deduction, I highly recommend this book. Becker takes the skeleton out of the physics community's closet, and proposes that the measurement problem isn't something to be feared, but is a legitimate scientific question that is worthy of serious, peer-reviewed, experimental and mathematical inquiry. Becker insists we have to remove the stigma of the measurement problem. Becker insists we have to throw the kitchen sink at this problem. I am glad someone is taking a stand and advocating for the urgent need of more research on the measurement problem. On a separate note, I really like the binding of this book. At first glance it looks cheap, but the binding is really well done. I wish all of my paperback books have held up as well as this one. This book belongs on the bookshelf of any scientist or the serious amateur.
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Matthias H.


Adam Becker's book dispatches the Copenhagen Interpretation for good. Not because it's wrong, but because it is not so much a theory as a prohibition on theories. Thank goodness it's gone. Now the physicists can get to work devising alternative theories and experiments to test between them.
Becker's book is a pretty effective hatchet job on Neils Bohr too, who comes over as a stereotypically patriarchal, rather stupid, male -- incapable of understanding anyone else's point of view except in the sense of coopting it as a defence of his own. One of the real strengths of the book is the bibliographic detail. I'd recommend the book even to people who are not interested in physics. Who could fail to be interested in the personality clashes described here.
I would say that Becker's hero is John Bell, who devised the inequality that bears his name. When his inequality was first shown to me in the late 1970s, it was presented as a proof that hidden variable theories do not work. Becker shows that this presentation, though common, is completely wrong. The Bell inequality is about locality, and applies just as much to the Copenhagen Interpretation as to any other theories, including hidden variables. Becker claims that non-locality does not apply to Many Worlds theories, though he does not include a justification of this claim.
Becker describes a few of the candidates to a theory of quantum reality: Many Worlds, including the effects of decoherence; Pilot Wave theories; Spontaneous Collapse theories, including Roger Penrose's related gravitational collapse theory. He presents all these theories seriously and fairly, without implying a preference between them. As well as dismissing Copenhagen, Becker dismisses all those rather silly new-age theories that present quantum mechanics measurement as being related to consciousness or even parapsychology. Good for Becker.
For my money, the winning theory will be the one whose predictions match experiment. Experiments such as Aspect's, which prove the Bell inequality, have already ruled out any interpretations that preserve locality. It is easy to imagine experiments that would be able to test spontaneous collapse theories (though perhaps not so easy to implement the experiments!). Any theory must not only work for the microscopic quantum world but also scale to larger sizes, and show why classical behaviour appears to be the limit.
Perhaps in 50 years time, experiments will have disproved all but one of the 'interpretations', which will then have the status of Theory. Future readers of this book will look back on the times of Copenhagen 'shut up and calculate' as a bizarre wrong-turn in science, rather like Creationism or Phlogiston.
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I was interested in the reasons why Becker claims that non-locality does not apply to Many Worlds theories, so I read some papers online. Consider the simple case of two entangled particles which are measured by Alice and Bob -- for the sake of argument, say they are photons, and Alice and Bob can both vary the angle they test the polarisation of the photons. Interpretations of quantum mechanics that consider Alice and Bob to be purely classical have a problem with non-locality because the 'collapse' or 'measurement' that Alice makes affects the results that Bob sees and vice versa. Interpretations that allow Alice and Bob themselves to enter superpositions of states do not suffer from this problem. Alice and Bob each enter entangled states with the photon that they measure. This can happen as slowly as you like -- Alice and Bob do not have to be in the same 'world' as each other. Some time later, Alice and Bob meet for a coffee and to discuss their results. When this happens, they enter an entangled state with each other, and only then can you think of them as being in classical worlds together, both having made correlated observations.
So if we postulate that the breach of special relativity implied by non-locality is impossible, which interpretations of quantum mechanics pass the experimental tests carried out so far, such as Aspect's experiment? Certainly not the Copenhagen interpretation, where both Alice and Bob are strictly classical. Nor does Bohm's hidden variables scheme. Many Worlds clearly passes the test, but so do a number of other interpretations. In the experiments performed so far, Alice and Bob are photon detectors connected to computers: the entangled non-classical states are matters of electron positions in a few transistors. Thus as well as Many Worlds, the experiments performed to date allow interpretations of quantum mechanics where collapse/measurement is a function of mass (Roger Penrose), consciousness (von Neumann and Wigner), non-linearity (Pearle, Weber, Ghirardi, and Rimini).
It would be very difficult to experimentally disprove all of these alternatives to Many Worlds, but it would be possible to enhance Aspect's experiment to push their thresholds further from the microscopic world. For example, Alice and Bob could be human experimenters, who are isolated from each other at the time of the experiment and later compare results. This would test the consciousness-causes-collapse theories, at least if we discount non-physical communication such as telepathy. If Alice and Bob have substantial mass, which is displaced differently in their different quantum states, this would test Roger Penrose's ideas.
